Vivência e sentimentos de mulheres portadoras de hanseníase / Experience and feelings of women with leprosy

Objetivo: conhecer a vivência e os sentimentos de mulheres com hanseníase. Método: estudo qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório, realizado com 15 mulheres. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, e um roteiro com questões norteadoras. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: cinco categorias foram definidas após o processo de análise: >, >, >, >, >. Conclusão: os resultados mostraram que a hanseníase deixa marcas profundas na vida das mulheres como medo, insegurança, exclusão social, necessitando, portanto, da assistência humanizada, por parte dos profissionais de saúde, e do apoio das pessoas do seu convívio, para o enfrentamento da doença.

A lesão social da hanseníase em mulheres curadas / The social lesion of leprosy in cured women

Introdução: O Brasil é o segundo país no mundo em número de casos novos de hanseníase, doença infecciosa, com alto poder incapacitante e historicamente ligada preconceito, estigma e castigo e à exclusão social pela política sanitária de contenção da doença até meados do século passado. Avanços tecnológicos e mudanças na política de controle da doença conduziram a possibilidade de tratamento ambulatorial, alta por cura e experiências de participação em grupos de apoio, entretanto, questiona-se como pacientes que receberam alta por cura percebem, o processo de adoecimento, atribuem significado à cura e vivenciam marcas do estigma e do preconceito relacionado à doença. Objetivos: Identificar relações que mulheres que tiveram hanseníase estabelecem entre essa enfermidade e suas implicações para a vida cotidiana de cada uma; identificar significados atribuídos, por mulheres que tiveram hanseníase, ao processo de adoecimento; identificar tipos de relações das mulheres com a participação em um grupo de apoio; desvelar sentidos atribuídos pelas mulheres à experiência da cura da hanseníase e às consequentes lesões sociais. Metodologia: Foram realizadas entrevistas com quinze mulheres, ex-pacientes e membros do Grupo de Apoio a Mulheres Atingidas pela Hanseníase- GAMAH que desenvolve atividades educativas de autocuidados, profissionalização e geração de renda. Resultados: Os relatos das mulheres estão relacionados à hanseníase no cotidiano, com as narrativas sobre a complexidade do diagnóstico, apresentando a dor como marca mais significativa. Outra categoria resgata o retardo no diagnóstico e se explica por ser dado por profissionais não especialistas, pelo desconhecimento dos sintomas da doença pelas mulheres, ou ainda pela negação de estar doente. O apoio social encontrado no GAMAH configura outro agrupamento de ideias, mostrando o apoio na forma de assistencialismo, a forma que conheceu o GAMAH, e o mesmo como espaço de compartilhamento de vivências. Outro grupo de respostas se refere às sequelas permanentes, como complicações depois da hanseníase, sobre o tratamento e o cotidiano, e também sobre os cuidados com o corpo. E o ultimo agrupamento de respostas, refere-se aos processos de alta e os significados da cura da hanseníase, a crença na cura em contraponto com a descrença na cura, com uso de alguns indicadores para justificar as respostas, e ainda relatos de estigmas e preconceitos como representação da lesão social. Considerações Finais Diante do significado da vivência das mulheres com a hanseníase e dos desafios das mesmas na vida cotidiana para superar o que se chamou de lesões sociais, desvelou-se a questão que parece relacionada não somente a insuficiente implementação de políticas públicas, mas igualmente a problemas de acolhimento para a multiplicidade de cuidados que a hanseníase exige em termos clínicos e sociais, com ações que vão além da perspectiva de contenção da doença

Brazil is the second country in the world in terms of number of new cases of leprosy, an infectious disease, with high incapacitating power and historically linked to prejudice, stigma and punishment, and to social exclusion by the health politics to contain the disease until the middle of the last century. Technological advances and changes in the control politics of the disease have led to the possibility of outpatient treatment, high cure and experiences of participation in support groups, however, it is questioned how patients who were discharged by cure perceive, the process of illness, give meaning To cure and experience marks of stigma and prejudice related to the disease. To identify relationships that women who had leprosy establish between this disease and its implications for the daily life of each one; To identify meanings attributed, by women who had leprosy, to the process of illness; Identify types of women's relationships with participation in a support group; Reveal the senses attributed by women to the experience of the cure of leprosy and the consequent social injuries. Interviews were conducted with fifteen women, former patients and members of the Support Group for Women Affected by Leprosy - GAMAH - who develop educational activities of self-care, professionalization and income generation. The reports of women are related to leprosy in daily life, with narratives about the complexity of the diagnosis, presenting pain as the most significant brand Another category rescues the delay in diagnosis and is explained by being given by non-specialists, by the lack of knowledge of the symptoms of the disease by women, or by the denial of being sick. The social support found in GAMAH sets up another grouping of ideas, showing the support in the form of assistance, the form that knew the GAMAH, and the same as space of sharing of experiences. Another group of responses portrays permanent sequelae, such as complications after leprosy, treatment and daily life, and body care. And the last grouping of responses refers to discharge processes and the meanings of the cure of leprosy, belief in cure versus disbelief in cure, use of some indicators to justify responses, and reports of stigma and Prejudices as a representation of the social injury. In view of the significance of women living with leprosy and their daily challenges in overcoming what has been called social injury, the issue that seems to be related not only to the insufficient implementation of public policies, but also to the Problems of reception for the multiplicity of care that leprosy requires in clinical and social terms, with actions that go beyond the perspective of containment of the disease

Uma breve analise da condicao feminina sob varios aspectos e sua relacao com o transtorno depressivo / A brief analysis of the female condition in several aspects and its relation to the depressive disorder

Este trabalho procura refletir, atraves de revisao literaria, sobre a relacao entre o comportamento feminino e o aparecimento do Transtorno Depressivo, buscando abranger varios aspectos: nao apenas a questao biologica envolvendo a mulher, mas tambem a social, psiquica, cultural e historica. A mulher, atualmente, vive conflitos que nao comecaram em nossa era contemporanea, pelo contrario, sao questoes antigas e que envolvem multiplos fatores. Muitas mulheres possuem uma estrutura comportamental, a qual propicia o surgimento da depressao: a dependencia do outro, a falta de confianca em si mesma na busca de solucoes para os proprios problemas, atitudes passivas frente a situacoes insatisfatoria, etc, sao fatores relevantes para o desenvolvimento do Transtorno Depressivo. Finalmente mostrou-se que as características clinicas da depressão são semelhantes à maneira como muitas mulheres reagem face a acontecimentos de suas vidas e mantendo tal comportamento, elas acabam utilizando a doença como fuga, evitando a ansiedade de ter que lutar para conquistarem o que querem, mas mantendo a angústia de ver suas possibilidades não realizadas.

Double jeopardy: women and leprosy in India.

This article presents evidence from two states of India, Bihar and Maharashtra, on the process of "dehabilitation" among male and female leprosy patients, and suggests gender-sensitive interventions to address existing problems in leprosy control. While the study investigated a wide range of gender differences in the impact of leprosy, this article focuses on only two-marriage and family reactions. Important gender differences were apparent in the impact of the disease. While both men and women were negatively affected in terms of their family and marital lives, women suffered more isolation and rejection. Psychologically, women appeared more vulnerable because they were deprived of personal contact with others in the domestic environment where they were accustomed to receiving their greatest emotional rewards. Women reported that indifference to them by other family members, or seeming negation of their presence, caused them the greatest suffering. This underscores the importance of providing information to both leprosy patients and their families about the disease and its treatment, including the possibility of cure with MDT (multi-drug therapy) and of counselling family members about their crucial role in helping patients cope and recover. This support is even more critical for women, who often lack access to the variety of outside advice and assistance available to men. The evidence presented in the article demonstrates the importance of analysing leprosy from a gender perspective, not only because this approach helps to inform our understanding of the determinants and consequences of the disease, but also because it provides new insights for improved disease control.

PIP: As part of a larger study of gender differences in the stigmatization connected with leprosy in India as well as in its detection and treatment, this article presents data on the impact of leprosy on marriage and the family. A review of previous studies shows that women's immune responses to leprosy may be weakened by pregnancy, that congenital transmission is possible but rare, and that affected women may not receive counseling about risks of pregnancy or the side effects of the drugs they are given. The present study gathered data from 2495 inhabitants of Bihar and Maharashtra including 934 who were receiving treatment and living relatively normal lives (59% male), 300 members of their families, 1071 who had to leave home or a job (63% male), 100 who were rehabilitated (55% male), and 90 health workers treating the patients. Additional data were gathered from in-depth interviews and 25 case studies (13 males). The findings of this study, including the fact that the impact of leprosy was greater for women because they suffered more isolation and rejection than men, led to the following conclusions: 1) in order to improve early detection and treatment of women, they should be encouraged to seek treatment for any skin ailments; 2) leprosy workers should alleviate concerns about the efficacy of smaller pills and should counsel families about the importance of the medical regimen; 3) women should be counseled about the risks of pregnancy associated with leprosy and about the side effects of the drugs; 4) calendars and family members should be used to help patients follow their drug regimen; 5) leprosy workers should undergo gender sensitization, and more women should be recruited to examine women; and 6) the needs of children of leprosy patients should receive attention so they can have equal access to education, employment, and health care.